Our Publications

Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics

Papers:

  • Superconducting Circuits for Quantum Information: An Outlook
    M. H. Devoret and R. J. Schoelkopf Science 339 1169-1174(2013), doi:10.1126/science.1231930
  • Observation of quantum state collapse and revival due to the single-photon Kerr effect
    G. Kirchmair, B. Vlastakis, Z. Leghtas, S. Nigg, H. Paik, E. Ginossar, M. Mirrahimi, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf Nature 495, 205-209(2013), doi:10.1038/nature11902 (cond-mat/1211.2228)
  • Photon shot noise dephasing in the strong-dispersive limit of circuit QED
    A. P. Sears, A. Petrenko, G. Catelani, L. Sun, Hanhee Paik, G. Kirchmair, L. Frunzio, L. I. Glazman, S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf Phys. Rev. B 86, 180504(2012), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.86.180504 (cond-mat/1206.1265)
  • Measurements of Quasiparticle Tunneling Dynamics in a Band-Gap-Engineered Transmon Qubit
    L. Sun, L. DiCarlo, G. Catelani, Lev S. Bishop, D. I. Schuster, B. R. Johnson, Ge A. Yang, L. Frunzio, L. Glazman, M. H. Devoret, and R.J. Schoelkopf Phys. Rev. Lett. 108, 230509(2012), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.108.230509 (cond-mat/1112.2321)
  • Realization of three-qubit quantum error correction with superconducting circuits
    M. D. Reed, L. DiCarlo, S. E. Nigg, L. Sun, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin, R.J. Schoelkopf Nature 482, 382-385, (2012), doi:10.1038/nature10786 (cond-mat/1109.4949)
  • Observation of High Coherence in Josephson Junction Qubits Measured in a Three-Dimensional Circuit QED Architecture
    Hanhee Paik, D.I. Schuster, Lev S. Bishop, G. Kirchmair, G. Catelani, A.P. Sears, B.R. Johnson, M.J. Reagor, L. Frunzio, L.I. Glazman, S.M. Girvin, M.H. Devoret, R.J. Schoelkopf Phys. Rev. Lett. 107, 240501 (2011), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.107.240501 (cond-mat/1105.4652)
  • Optimized driving of superconducting artificial atoms for improved single-qubit gates
    J. M. Chow, L. DiCarlo, J. M. Gambetta, F. Motzoi, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf Phys. Rev. A 82, 040305 (2010), doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.82.040305 (cond-mat/1005.1279)
  • High-Fidelity Readout in Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics Using the Janyes-Cummings Nonlinearity
    M. D. Reed, L. DiCarlo, B. R. Johnson, L. Sun, D. I. Schuster, L. Frunzio, R. J. Schoelkopf Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 173601 (2010), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.173601 (cond-mat/1004.4323)
  • Preparation and measurement of three-qubit entanglement in a superconducting circuit
    L. DiCarlo, M. D. Reed, L. Sun, B. R. Johnson, J. M. Chow, J. M. Gambetta, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin, M. H. Devoret, R. J. Schoelkopf Nature 467, 574-578 (2010), doi:10.1038/nature09416 (cond-mat/1004.4324)
  • Fast Reset and Suppressing Spontaneous Emission of a Superconducting Qubit
    M. D. Reed, B. R. Johnson, A. A. Houck, L. DiCarlo, J. M. Chow, D. I. Schuster, L. Frunzio, R. J. Schoelkopf. APL 96, 203110 (21 May 2010), doi:10.1063/1.3435463 (cond-mat/1003.0142)
  • Quantum Non-demolition Detection of Single Microwave Photons in a Circuit
    B. R. Johnson, M. D. Reed, A. A. Houck, D. I. Schuster, Lev S Bishop, E. Ginossar, J. M. Gambetta, L. DiCarlo, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf. Nature Physics 6, 663-667 (2010) doi:10.1038/nphys1710 (cond-mat/1003.2734)
  • Circuit QED and engineering charge based superconducting qubits
    S M Girvin, M H Devoret, R J Schoelkopf. Phys. Scr. T 137, 014012 (2009), doi:10.1088/0031-8949/2009/T137/014012. (cond-mat/0912.3902)
  • Detecting highly entangled states with a joint qubit readout
    J. M. Chow, L. DiCarlo, J. M. Gambetta, A. Nunnenkamp, Lev S. Bishop, L. Frunzio, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. A. 81, 062325 (2010), doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.81.062325. (cond-mat/0908.1955)
  • Demonstration of two-qubit algorithms with a superconducting quantum processor
    L. DiCarlo, J. M. Chow, J. M. Gambetta, Lev S. Bishop, B. R. Johnson, D. I. Schuster, J. Majer, A. Blais, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin and R. J. Schoelkopf. Nature 460, 240-244 (9 July 2009), doi:10.1038/nature08121. (cond-mat/0903.2030)
  • Proposal for generating and detecting multi-qubit GHZ states in circuit QED
    Lev S. Bishop, L. Tornberg, D. Price, E. Ginossar, A. Nunnenkamp, A. A. Houck, J. M. Gambetta, Jens Koch, G. Johansson, S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf New J Phys. 11, 073040 (2009), doi:10.1088/1367-2630/11/7/073040. (cond-mat/0902.0324v1)
  • Randomized benchmarking and process tomography for gate errors in a solid-state qubit
    J. M. Chow, J. M. Gambetta, L. Tornberg, Jens Koch, Lev S. Bishop, A. A. Houck, B. R. Johnson, L. Frunzio, S. M. Girvin, and R. J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 090502 (2009), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.102.090502. (cond-mat/0811.4387)
  • Nonlinear response of the vacuum Rabi resonance
    Lev S. Bishop, J. M. Chow, Jens Koch, A. A. Houck, M. H. Devoret, E. Thuneberg, S. M. Girvin, and R. J. Schoelkopf. Nature Physics 5, 105 - 109 (2009). doi:10.1038/nphys1154. (cond-mat/0807.2882, supplement pdf, movie 1, movie 2)
  • Life after charge noise: recent results with transmon qubits
    A. A. Houck, Jens Koch, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf
    (doi:10.1007/s11128-009-0100-6) (cond-mat/0812.1865)
  • Controlling the Spontaneous Emission of a Superconducting Transmon Qubit
    A. A. Houck, J. A. Schreier, B. R. Johnson, J. M. Chow, Jens Koch, J. M. Gambetta, D. I. Schuster, L. Frunzio, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 080502 (2008) (cond-mat/0803.4490)
  • Suppressing Charge Noise Decoherence in Superconducting Charge Qubits
    J. A. Schreier, A. A. Houck, Jens Koch, D. I. Schuster, B. R. Johnson, J. M. Chow, J. M. Gambetta, J. Majer, L. Frunzio, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, R. J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. B 77, 180502(R) (2008), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.77.180502 (cond-mat/0712.3581)
  • Charge Insensitive Qubit Design from Optimizing the Cooper-Pair Box
    Jens Koch, T.M. Yu, J.M. Gambetta, A.A. Houck, D.I Schuster, J. Majer, A. Blais, M.H. Devoret, S.M. Girvin, and R.J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. A 76, 042319 (2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.76.042319. (cond-mat/0703002)
  • Charge Insensitive Qubit Design from Optimizing the Cooper-Pair Box
    Jens Koch, T.M. Yu, J.M. Gambetta, A.A. Houck, D.I Schuster, J. Majer, A. Blais, M.H. Devoret, S.M. Girvin, and R.J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. A 76, 042319 (2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.76.042319. (cond-mat/0703002)
  • Coupling superconducting qubits via a cavity bus
    J. Majer, J. M. Chow, J. M. Gambetta, Jens Koch, B. R. Johnson, J. A. Schreier, L. Frunzio, D. I. Schuster, A. A. Houck, A. Wallraff, A. Blais, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin and R. J. Schoelkopf. Nature (London) 449 443 (2007), doi:10.1038/nature06184 (cond-mat/0709.2135)
  • Generating single microwave photons in a circuit
    A. A. Houck, D. I. Schuster, J. M. Gambetta, J. A. Schreier, B. R. Johnson, J. M. Chow, L. Frunzio, J. Majer, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin and R. J. Schoelkopf. Nature (London) 449, 328 (2007), doi:10.1038/nature06126 (cond-mat/0702648)
  • Sideband Transitions and Two-Tone Spectroscopy of a Superconducting Qubit Strongly Coupled to an On-Chip Cavity A. Wallraff, D.I. Schuster, A. Blais, J.M. Gambetta, J. Schreier, A. Houck, L. Frunzio, M.H. Devoret, S.M. Girvin, and R.J. Schoelkopf. Phys Rev Lett 99, 050501 (2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.99.050501 (cond-mat/0703632)
  • Protocols for Optimal Readout of Qubits Using a Continuous Quantum Nondemolition Measurement J. Gambetta, W.A. Braff, A. Wallraff, S.M. Girvin, and R.J. Schoelkopf. Phys Rev A 76, 012325 (2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.76.012325 (cond-mat/0701078)
  • Quantum Information Processing with Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics A. Blais, J. Gambetta, A. Wallraff, D.I. Schuster, S.M. Girvin, M.H. Devoret, and R.J. Schoelkopf. Phys Rev A 75, 032329 (2007), doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.75.032329 (cond-mat/0612038)
  • Resolving photon number states in a superconducting circuit.
    D. I. Schuster, A. A. Houck, J. A. Schreier, A. Wallraff1, J. M. Gambetta, A. Blais1, L. Frunzio, J. Majer, B. R. Johnson, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin, and R. J. Schoelkopf. Nature (London) 445, 515 (2007), doi:10.1038/nature05461 (preprint | cond-mat/0608693)
  • Qubit-Photon Interactions in a Cavity: Measurement Induced Dephasing and Number Splitting J. Gambetta, A. Blais, D.I. Schuster, A. Wallraff, L. Frunzio, J. Majer, M.H. Devoret, S.M. Girvin, and R.J. Schoelkopf. Phys Rev A 74, 042318 (2006), doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.74.042318 (cond-mat/0602322)
  • AC-Stark Shift and Dephasing of a Superconducting Qubit Strongly Coupled to a Cavity Field
    D. I. Schuster, A. Wallraff, A. Blais, L. Frunzio, R.-S. Huang, J. Majer, S. M. Girvin and R. J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. Lett. 94, 123602 (2005), (HiRes preprint | cond-mat/0408367)
  • Approaching Unit Visibility for Control of a Superconducting Qubit with Dispersive Readout
    A. Wallraff, D. I. Schuster, A. Blais, L. Frunzio, J. Majer, M. H. Devoret, S. M. Girvin and R. J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. Lett. 95, 060501 (2005), (preprint)
  • Circuit quantum electrodynamics: Coherent coupling of a single photon to a Cooper pair box
    A. Wallraff, D. I. Schuster, A. Blais, L. Frunzio, R.-S. Huang, J. Majer, S. Kumar, S. M. Girvin and R. J. Schoelkopf. Nature (London) 431, 162 (2004) (HiRes Reprint | News and Views | cond-mat/0407325)
  • Cavity quantum electrodynamics for superconducting electrical circuits: an architecture for quantum computation
    Alexandre Blais, Ren-Shou Huang, Andreas Wallraff, S. M. Girvin and R. J. Schoelkopf Phys. Rev. A 69, 062320 (2004) (reprint | cond-mat/0402216)
  • Prospects of strong cavity quantum electrodynamics with superconducting circuits
    S. M. Girvin, Ren-Shou Huang, Alexandre Blais, Andreas Wallraff and R. J. Schoelkopf. Proceedings of Les Houches Summer School, Session LXXIX, Quantum Entanglement and Information Processing (2003) (cond-mat/0310670)
  • Fabrication and characterization of superconducting circuit QED devices for quantum computation,
    L. Frunzio, A. Wallraff, D. I. Schuster, J. Majer, and R. J. Schoelkopf
    IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity 15, 860 (2005)
    Proceedings of Applied Superconductivity Conference, Jacksonville, FL (2004)
    (reprint | preprint)

Talks:

  • APS March Meeting 2006 (Baltimore) tutorial (ppt, pdf)

Theses:

  • Controlling Photons in Superconducting Electrical Circuits (pdf)(Full Color Hardcover)
    Dissertation presented by Blake Johnson, September 2010.
  • Quantum Information Processing with Superconducting Qubits (pdf)(Full Color Paperback)
    Dissertation presented by Jerry Chow, March 2010.
  • Circuit Quantum Electrodynamics (pdf)(Full Color Paperback)(Full Color Hardcover)(B&W Paperback
    Dissertation presented by David Schuster, May 2007.
  • Design of Microwave Splitter/Combiner for use in cQED Experiments (pdf)
    Senior Thesis presented by Jared Schwede, May 2007.
  • Design and fabrication of superconducting circuit for amplification and processing of quantum signals (pdf)
    Luigi Frunzio: l’Universite Paris-sud XI 2006
  • Qubit-resonator system as an application to quantum computation (pdf)
    Ren-Shou Huang: Indiana University 2004

Hybrid Quantum Information Systems

Papers:

  • Storage of multiple coherent microwave excitations in an electron spin ensemble
    H. Wu, R. E. George, A. Ardavan, J. H. Wesenberg, K. Mølmer, D. I. Schuster, R. J. Schoelkopf, K. M. Itoh, J. J. L. Morton, and G. A. D. BriggsPhys. Rev. Lett. 105, 140503 (2010). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.140503 ()
  • High cooperativity coupling of electron-spin ensembles to superconducting cavities
    D. I. Schuster, A. P. Sears, E. Ginossar, L. DiCarlo, L. Frunzio, J. J. L. Morton, H. Wu, G. A. D. Briggs, and R. J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 140501 (2010). doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.105.140501 (cond-mat/1006.0242)
  • Proposal for Manipulating and Detecting Spin and Orbital States of Trapped Electrons on Helium Using Cavity Quantum Electrodynamics
    D. I. Schuster, A. Fragner, M. I. Dykman, S. A. Lyon, R. J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 040503 (2010) (cond/mat/0912.1406)
  • Cavity QED in a molecular ion trap
    D. I. Schuster, Lev S. Bishop, I. L. Chuang, D. DeMille, R. J. Schoelkopf (cond-mat/0903.3552)
  • A coherent all-electrical interface between polar molecules and mesoscopic superconducting resonators
    A. André, D. DeMille, J. M. Doyle, M. D. Lukin, S. E. Maxwell, P. Rabl, R. J. Schoelkopf, and P. Zoller. Nature Physics (London) 2, 636 (2006), doi:10.1038/nphys386 (quant-ph/0605201)
  • Hybrid Quantum Processors: Molecular Ensembles as Quantum Memory for Solid State Circuits
    P. Rabl, D. DeMille, J. M. Doyle, M. D. Lukin, R. J. Schoelkopf, and P. Zoller. Phys. Rev. Lett. 97, 033003 (2006), doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.97.033003 (quant-ph/0604140)

Radio Frequency Single Electron Transistor (RF-SET)

Talks:

  • “A Fast Coulomb-Blockade Electrometer: Toward Single-Charge Dynamics,”
    invited presentation at NEDO Workshop on Andreev Physics and Single Charge Tunelling, Gothenburg, Sweden, April 1998; lt-22 Conference, Helsinki, Finland, Aug. 1999; XXXIV Recontres de Moriond, “Quantum Physics at the Mesoscopic Scale,” Les Arcs, France, Jan. 2000.
  • “Probing the Dynamics of Single-Charge Circuits with Fast Electrometry,”
    invited presentation at , Applied Superconductivity Conference 2000, Virginia Beach, Sept. 2000; International Workshop on Mesoscopic Electronics, Ascona, Switzerland, Oct. 2000.

Papers:

  • The Radio-Frequency Single-Electron Transistor (RF-SET):A Fast and Ultrasensitive Electrometer,
    R.J. Schoelkopf, P. Wahlgren,A.A. Kozhevnikov, P. Delsing, and D.E. Prober, Science,Vol.280, p. 1238 (May 22, 1998) PDF
  • Amplifying Quantum Signals with the Single-Electron Transistor,
    M.H. Devoret and R.J. Schoelkopf, Nature, 406, pp. 1039-1046, 31 August, 2000. PDF
  • Radio-Frequency Single-Electron Transistor: Toward the Shot-Noise Limit.
    A. Aassime, D. Gunnarsson, K. Bladh, P. Delsing, R. Schoelkopf. Applied Physics Letters Vol 79, No. 24, December 2001. PDF
  • Radio-Frequency Single-Electron Transistor as Readout Device for Qubits: Charge Sensitivity and Backaction.
    A. Aassime, G. Johansson, G. Wendin, R. J. Schoelkopf, and P. Delsing. Physical Review Letters, Vol 86, No. 15, April 2001 PDF
  • RF Single Electron Transistor Readout Amplifers for Superconducting Astronomical Detectors of X-ray to sub-mm Wavelengths
    T. Stevenson, A. Aassime, P. Delsing, R. Schoelkopf, K. Segall, C. Stahle. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 11. No. 1, pp. 692-695, March 2001. PDF
  • Multiplexing of radio-frequency single-electron transistors.
    T. R. Stevenson, F. A. Pellerano, C. M. Stahle, K. Aidala, and R. J. Schoelkopf. Applied Physics Letters, Vol 80, No. 16, April 2002 PDF
  • A high-performance cryogenic amplifier based on a radio-frequency single electron transistor.
    K. Segall, K. W. Lehnert, T. R. Stevenson, and R. J. Schoelkopf, P. Wahlgren, A. Aassime, and P. Delsing. Applied Physics Letters, Vol 81, No. 25, December 2002 PDF

Thesis:

  • Resolved dynamics of single electron tunneling using the RF-SET (pdf)
    Dissertation presented by Julie Love, December 2007.

Quantum coherence and computation with single Cooper pairs

Talks:

  • Invited talk at APS March meeting 2002 (ppt, pdf)
  • Talk at Delft - June 2002 (ppt, pdf)

Papers:

  • Backaction effects of a SSET measuring a qubit spectroscopy and ground State measurement B. Turek, J. Majer, A. Clerk, S. Girvin, A. Wallraff, K. Bladh, D. Gunnarsson, T. Duty, P. Delsing, R. J. Schoelkopf. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, 15, 880 - 883 (2005), doi:10.1109/TASC.2005.850096
  • SET Backaction on the Single Electron Box
    B. A. Turek, K. W. Lehnert, A. Clerk, D. Gunnarsson, K. Bladh, P. Delsing, and R. J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. B 71, 193304 (2005), doi:10.1103/PhysRevB.71.193304 (preprint)
  • Quantum Charge Fluctuations and the Polarizability of the Single Electron Box
    K. W. Lehnert, B. A. Turek, K. Bladh, L. F. Spietz, D. Gunnarsson, P. Delsing, and R. J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 106801 (2003) (preprint)
  • Measurement of the excited-state lifetime of a microelectronic circuit.
    K. W. Lehnert, K. Bladh, L. F. Spietz, D. Gunnarsson, D. I. Schuster, P. Delsing, and R. J. Schoelkopf. Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 027002 (2003) (preprint)
  • Qubits as Spectrometers of Quantum Noise
    R. J. Schoelkopf, A. A. Clerk, S. M. Girvin, K. W. Lehnert, M. H. Devoret. cond-mat/0210247 October 2002 PDF
  • Radio-Frequency Single-Electron Transistor as Readout Device for Qubits: Charge Sensitivity and Backaction.
    A. Aassime, G. Johansson, G. Wendin, R. J. Schoelkopf, and P. Delsing. Physical Review Letters, Vol 86, No. 15, April 2001 PDF

Thesis:

  • Precision Measurements with the Single Electron Transistor: Noise and Backaction in the normal and Superconducting State (pdf)
    Dissertation presented by Benjamin Turek, May 2007.

Shot Noise Thermometry

Thesis:

  • The Shot Noise Thermometer (low / high resolution pdf)
    Dissertation Presented by Lafe Spietz 2006

Talks:

  • Talk at APS March Meeting 2002 (ppt, pdf)
  • Talk at APS March Meeting 2003 (ppt)
  • Progress Report April 2002, more detailed version of the 2002 APS talk (ppt, pdf)
  • Talk from T2002 conference, Chicago 2002 (ppt)
  • Talk given at NIST, January 2003 (ppt)
  • Talk at APS March Meeting 2004 (ppt, pdf)
  • NIST Boulder 2004 talk(ppt)
  • TMA 2005 talk(ppt)

Papers:

  • Shot Noise Thermometry Down to 10 mK
    Lafe Spietz, R. J. Schoelkopf, and Patrick Pari. Applied Physics Letters 89, 183123 (2006) (pdf)
  • Primary Electronic Thermometry Using the Shot Noise of a Tunnel Junction,
    L. Spietz, K. W. Lehnert, I. Siddiqi, and R.J. Schoelkopf, Science,Vol.300, p. 1929 (June 20, 2003) PDF

Single-photon counters for submillimeter astronomy

Talks:

  • Talk at APS March Meeting 2002 (ppt, pdf)
  • Progress Report April 2002, more detailed version of the APS talk (ppt, pdf)

Papers:

  • A Concept for a Submillimeter-Wave Single-Photon Counter
    R. J. Schoelkopf, S. H. Moesley, C. M. Stahle, P. Wahlgren, P. Delsing. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 9. No. 2, pp. 2935-2939, June 1999. PDF
  • RF Single Electron Transistor Readout Amplifers for Superconducting Astronomical Detectors of X-ray to sub-mm Wavelengths
    T. Stevenson, A. Aassime, P. Delsing, R. Schoelkopf, K. Segall, C. Stahle. IEEE Transactions on Applied Superconductivity, Vol. 11. No. 1, pp. 692-695, March 2001. PDF

Thesis:

  • Superconducting Tunnel Junctions as Direct Detectors for Submillimeter Astronomy (pdf)
    Dissertation presented by John Teufel, January 2008.
  • Low Temperature Electron-Phonon Interaction in Disordered Metal Thin Films and Applications to Fast, Sensitive Sub-Millimeter Photon Sources and Detectors (pdf)
    Dissertation presented by Minghao Shen, December 2005.

Other Publications

  • Observation of “Photon-Assisted” Shot Noise in a Phase-Coherent Conductor
    R. J. Schoelkopf, A. A. Kozhevnikov, D. E. Prober, M. J. Rooks. Physical Review Letters, Vol 80, No. 11, March 1998 PDF
  • Observation of Photon-Assisted Noise in a Diffusive Normal Metal–Superconductor Junction
    A. A. Kozhevnikov, R. J. Schoelkopf, and D. E. Prober. Physical Review Letters, Vol 84, No. 15, April 2000 PDF
  • Frequency Dependence of Shot Noise in a Mesoscopic Conductor,
    R.J. Schoelkopf, P.J. Burke, A.A.Kozhevnikov, D.E. Prober, and M.J. Rooks, Physical Review Letters, Vol 78, No. 17, p. 3370, April 1997. PDF