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Facilities in Biomedical Engineering
Undergraduate Teaching Laboratory
The undergraduate Biomedical Engineering teaching laboratory, located in Room 608 of the Becton Engineering and Applied Science Center, has three stations with a PC and basic electronics equipment (A/D acquisition board, multimeter, waveform generator, oscilloscope, amplifier), as well as equipment for the various experiments (a dialyzer, a electric stimulator, various transducers, spectrophotometer, etc.).
Faculty Research Laboratories
Biomedical Engineering facilities exist both within the School of Engineering & Applied Science and the School of Medicine for Biomedical Engineering and are used for faculty research and graduate student training.
Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Research Facilities
The Yale Magnetic Resonance Center (MRC) is located on the main campus of the Yale School of Medicine and occupies approximately 4,000 square feet. The facility is connected to the Yale New Haven Hospital complex and houses three state-of-the art horizontal bore magnets including 4.7T 31 cm and 7T 20 cm animal systems and a 2.1T 1 m human system which will be replaced in Dec 2000 by a 4T 94cm bore whole body actively shielded magnet (Magnex Scientific). The systems are equipped with new Bruker Avance consoles and shielded gradients. The 4.0T system will have dual SGI Octane computers.
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Research Facilities
Yale University has established a Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Research Center that is part of the School of Medicine. The NMR center houses the research groups of investigators from the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Molecular Biophysics and Biochemistry. The NMR Center occupies approximately 20,000 square feet and is physically located 3 floors below and 150 feet across from the image analysis laboratory described above. There is a variety of high, medium and low field imaging and spectroscopy equipment in the center.
Included in this list are three whole body General Electric (GE) Signa imaging systems (1.5 Tesla, 100cm bore), two of which are heavily committed to clinical activity, but the third which is dedicated full time to research and will be available for this project. This research system is equipped with GE's version Lx8.0 software package. This unit is equipped with an extended software package that permits modification of pulse programming code.4T Whole Body System. The 4T system uses a new Bruker Avance console with two SGI Octane computers as hosts. The magnet is actively shielded, reducing the 5G lines to less than 16ft on axis and 13 feet cross axis from the magnet center.
The system is equipped with two actively shielded gradient sets, a 72cm id bore body set (Magnex Scientific) and a 38cm id head gradient insert (Bruker Instruments). The head gradient insert which will be used for the BRP studies has a maximum strength of 45mT/m (X and Y and Z directions) with a rise time of less than 150 usec for all three axes. It is equipped with all second order shims and a shielded Z2 and Z0 coil to allow rapid shim updating. The Avance console is configured as a two RF channel system with two 4kW broadband solid-state RF amplifiers. There are four receivers allowing phased array applications. To permit high-resolution spectroscopy and fMRI measurements throughout the brain, the system is equipped with 17 shims and high capacity 10amp power supplies which will allow 5 msec rise times for the second order shims.
Patient monitoring within the magnet includes non-invasive measures of heart rate, blood pressure, pulse-oximetry and end tidal CO2 levels and 32 channel EEG recording. An array of double and single tuned quadrature head and surface coils are available for use.
Image Analysis Computing Facilities
Professors Duncan, Staib, and Tagare are members of an Image Processing and Analysis research group that has joint affiliations with the Departments of Diagnostic Radiology and Electrical Engineering (EE). This group has about 5,000 square feet of laboratory and office space, about 200 square feet of which will be available to use for the image analysis development and testing portions of this project. This group is made up of 4 faculty, 3 postdoctoral associates, about 6 EE graduate students and a part- time programmer. These people currently work in both 1.) the UNIX/ X- windows/Open-GL environment via 3 Silicon Graphics Indigo2's (2 with High Impact graphics), 6 Octane MXE's, 4 SGI O2's, and a 4-processor ONYX2 with 64MB of texture memory and 768MB of ram; and 2.) the Windows NT/Linux environment via a set of 8 Dell and SGI PC platforms. Software and expertise exists to do image manipulation, display and processing (e.g. Analyze, MedX, xv, imagetool, Scilimage, KBVision, EXPLORER), user interface (e.g. Motif, Tk/Tcl), visualization (e.g. OpenInventor, OpenGL, volren, VTK) and mathematics (e.g. Matlab, Mathematica).
Prof. Zucker has laboratory space within the Watson building, which houses computer science on the main campus. The laboratory consists of dozens of linux/Intel workstations, an IBM Beowulf cluster, and SGI Origin, SUN Microsystems Enterprise, and DEC SMP's connected on a high-speed network. There is, in addition, a wide assortment of image acquisition and display devices, plus robotic devices.
Interdepartmental Program in Vascular Biology and Transplantation (VBT) Facilities
Laboratory space for the VBT program consists of 1500 sq ft of bench space (12 benches) on the fourth floor of the Boyer Center (BCMM) on the Medical School campus and is fully equipped for wet bench biochemistry and molecular biology. The Program also has approximately 5000 sq ft of shared core and equipment space, also on the fourth floor of BCMM including eight tissue culture hoods plus incubators; several research grade optical microscopes including a fluorescence microscope and a confocal fluorescence microscope; a cryomicrotome; a fluorescence activated cell sorter, scintillation counters, a laser densitometer, a phosphor imager, multiple centrifuges, freezers, plus temperature control rooms (warm and cold).
The Immunobiology department runs a comprehensive cell sorting facility and Cell Biology runs a Cell Imaging facility. All of these facilities are available to graduate students under the supervision of Dr. Prober and members of this Program.
Biochemical Engineering Facilities
The Chemical Engineering laboratories, including Professor Horvath's lab, are well equipped with instrumentation for analyzing and characterizing surfaces, particles, cells, chemical kinetics, flows, and separations and with computers ranging from personal computers to high performance workstations.
In addition, available equipment to graduate students includes unique molecular beam equipment, uv photoionization time-of-flight mass spectrometers, and high-speed variable-temperature scanning tunneling microscopes, as well as state-of-the-art chromatography systems and a high-resolution Fourier transform infrared spectrometer.
In Electrical Engineering, Prof. Mark Reed manages the following laboratory facilities.
Nanotechnology Laboratory
The Nanotechnology Laboratory has equipment for high resolution ebeam lithography, SEM characterization facilities, AFM and STM in both ambient and UHV environments, and an exceptionally wide range of device analysis capabilities. Since the laboratory specializes in the fabrication and investigation of nanostructured, quantum, or novel molecular scale devices, the characterization facilities include millikelvin dilution refrigerators and magnetic fields up to 12T, with femto amp current resolution and SPAs. Variable temperature He-flow cryostats up to 300K complements this capability, as well as 77K direct probe capability.
A 2-micron MFS adaptable HBT process (airbridge optional) with high frequency network analyzer characterization is available for device integration, high speed devices, or hybridization projects. The laboratory is also equipped for research in MEMS, with ODE etching and thin film membrane expertise, and has full facilities of two cleanrooms for conventional MOS processes.
We have facilities for chemical preparation (fume hoods, NMR, etc.) and extensive expertise in their characterization for research in molecular and biological systems, focusing on the integration with microelectronics.
ITT Optoelectronic Materials and Devices Laboratory
The ITT Optoelectronic Materials and Devices Laboratory has the following equipment available for Bulk Crystal Growth: a Malvern crystal-pulling unit with temperature controller and 70 KV RF heating capability; a two-stage Bruce diffusion system with a computer-controlled multizone for growing crystals via vapor transport; two high temperature (1600¡ C) units for growing crystals from molten salts; two Bridgman furnaces for growing crystal halides; a hydrothermal crystal growth apparatus for high pressure experiments; four autoclave systems that can be agitated externally for solubility studies, ampoules made from noble metals that permit the use of highly corrosive materials in conjunction with high pressure autoclaves; an isostatic unit for the coincident application of high pressure and high-temperature (2 Kbar and 1500¡ C).
For Epitaxial Crystal Growth, the following equipment is available: an EMCORE metalorganic chemical vapor deposition reactor (used until 1994 commercially by the Amoco Technology Company, Naperville, IL, to grow p-n junnction AlGaInAs quantum well lasers) which is outfitted with two separate growth chambers, eight metalorganic sources, and seven hydride sources.
Also available is a home-built MOCVD reactor for the synthesis group III nitride alloys and heterostructures. The EMCORE system is being upgraded for group III nitride growth, and the home-built reactor is being upgraded for SiC growth.
Materials Characterization Facility
The Materials Characterization facility provides a micro-tensile testing facility capable of controlled loading of thin film and whisker samples from 0-30 g. Loading rates range from discrete 0.5 um steps to a continuous rate of 1mm/s with a maximum total displacement of 6.25 mm. The samples can be blanketed in inert gas during testing.
Also available are atomic force microscopes, scanning tunneling microscopes, and scanning electron microscopes for analyzing semiconductor surfaces; an energy and wavelength dispersive x-ray microprobe for chemical analysis; variable temperature photoluminescence and two-dimensional wafer mapping, photoluminescence excitation spectroscopes, equipment for reflectance/transmission measurements for optical measurements and for four-point probe resistivity measurements, and a computer controlled variable-temperature Hall measurement system for carrier concentration and mobility analysis.
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