Highlighted Publications:

1. A. M. Kolpak, F. J. Walker, J. W. Reiner, Y. Segal, D. Su, M. S. Sawicki, C. C. Braodbridge, Z. Zhang, Y. Zhu, C. H. Ahn, S. Ismail-Beigi, “Interface-induced polarization and inhibition of ferroelectricity in epitaxial SrTiO₃/Si,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 105, 217601 (2010).  (Editor’s highlight).
2. C. A. F. Vaz, J. Hoffman, Y. Segal, J. W. Reiner, R. D. Grober, Z. Zhang, C. H. Ahn, F. J. Walker, "Origin of the magnetoelectric effect in Pb(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃/La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ multiferroic heterostructures", Phys. Rev. Lett. 104, 127202 (2010).
3. Y. Segal, J.W. Reiner, A.M. Kolpak, Z. Zhang, S. Ismail-Biegi, C.H. Ahn, and F.J. Walker, "Atomic structure of the epitaxial BaO/Si(001) interface", Phys. Rev. Lett.102, 116101 (2009).
4. Y. Segal, J.H. Ngai, J.W. Reiner, F.J. Walker, C.H. Ahn, "X-ray photoemission studies of the metal-insulator transition in LaAlO₃/SrTiO₃ structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy", Phys. Rev. B 80, 241107(R) (2009).  (Editor’s highlight).
5. J.W. Reiner, K.F. Garrity, F.J. Walker, S. Ismail-Beigi, and C.H. Ahn, "The role of strontium in oxide epitaxy on silicon (001)", Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 105503 (2008).
6. D.G. Schlom and C.H. Ahn, "Clear leap for superconductors", Nature 456, 582 (2008).
7. C.H. Ahn, K.M. Rabe, J.-M. Triscone, "Ferroelectricity at the Nanoscale:  Local Polarization in Oxide Thin Films and Heterostructures", Science 303, 488 (2004).
8. C.H. Ahn, J.-M. Triscone, J. Mannhart, "Electric field effect in correlated oxide systems", Nature 424, 1015 (2003).

Recent Publications (2003 - Present):

1. D. Isarakorn, D. Briand, P. Janphuang, A. Sambri, S. Gariglio, J. -M. Triscone, F. Guy, J. W. Reiner, C. H. Ahn, and N. F. de Rooij, Smart Materials and Structures 20, 025015 (2011).
2. A. Sambri, S. Gariglio, A. Torres Pardo, J.-M. Triscone, O. Stephan, J.W. Reiner, and C.H. Ahn, “Enhanced critical temperature in epitaxial ferroelectric Pb(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃ thin flms on silicon”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 012903 (2011).
3. D. Isarakorn, D. Briand, P. Janphuang, A. Sambri, S. Gariglio, J. -M. Triscone, F. Guy, J. W. Reiner, C. H. Ahn, and N. F. de Rooij, Energy harvesting MEMS device based on an epitaxial PZT thin film: fabrication and characterization,  Proc. of the PowerMEMS 2010 Conference, pp. 203-206 Leuven, (2010).
4. D. Isarakorn, D. Briand, A. Sambri, S. Gariglio, J. -M. Triscone, F. Guy, J. W. Reiner, C. H. Ahn, and N. F. de Rooij, "Finite element analysis and experiments on a silicon membrane actuated by an epitaxial PZT thin film for localized-mass sensing applications," Sensors and Actuators, B: Chemical, (2010). doi: 10.1016/j.snb.2010.10.009.
5. D.P. Kumah, J.W. Reiner, Y. Segal, A.M. Kolpak, Z. Zhang, D. Su, Y. Zhu, M.S. Sawicki, C.C. Broadbridge, C.H. Ahn, and F.J. Walker, “The atomic structure and polarization of strained SrTiO₃/Si”, Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 251902 (2010).
6. J.H. Ngai, Y. Segal, F.J. Walker, C.H. Ahn, “Electrostatic modulation of anisotropic magnetotransport in Ar⁺-irradiated SrTiO₃: effects of boundary scattering,” Phys. Rev. B 83, 045304 (2011) 
7. C. A. F. Vaz, J. Hoffman, Y. Segal, M. S. J. Marshall, J. W. Reiner, Z. Zhang, R. D. Grober, F. J. Walker, C. H. Ahn. Control of magnetism in Pb(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃/La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ multiferroic heterostructures. J. Appl. Phys. 109, 07D905 (2011); doi:10.1063/1.3540694
8. A. M. Kolpak, F. J. Walker, J. W. Reiner, Y. Segal, D. Su, M. S. Sawicki, C. C. Braodbridge, Z. Zhang, Y. Zhu, C. H. Ahn, S. Ismail-Beigi, “Interface-induced polarization and inhibition of ferroelectricity in epitaxial SrTiO₃/Si,” Phys. Rev. Lett., 105, 217601 (2010).  (Editor’s highlight).
9. C. A. F. Vaz, Y. Segal, J. Hoffman, F. J. Walker, C. H. Ahn. Growth and characterization of PZT/LSMO multiferroic heterostructures. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 28, C5A6, (2010).
10. C. A. F. Vaz, Y. Segal, J. Hoffman, R. D. Grober, F. J. Walker, C. H. Ahn. Temperature dependence of the magnetoelectric effect in Pb(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃/La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ multiferroic heterostructures. Appl. Phys. Lett., 97, 042506, (2010).
11. C. A. F. Vaz, J. Hoffman, Y. Segal, F. J. Walker, C. H. Ahn. "Electrostatic control of magnetism in all-oxide multiferroic heterostructures." Proc. of SPIE, 7760, 776013, 2010.
12. J. W. Reiner, S. Cui, Z. Liu, M. Wang, C. H. Ahn, and T. P. Ma, “Inelastic electron tunneling spectroscopy study of thin gate dielectrics,” Advanced Materials 22, 2962 (2010).
13. L. Klein, C. Dubourdieu, M. M. Frank, V. Narayanan, S. Guha, J. Hoffman, J. W. Reiner, C. H. Ahn, “Domain dynamics in PZT films studied by piezoelectric force microscopy,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B 28, C5A20 (2010).
14. J.H. Ngai, Y. Segal, D. Su, Y. Zhu, F.J. Walker, S. Ismail-Beigi, K. Le Hur, C.H. Ahn, “Electric field tuned crossover from classical to weakly localized quantum transport in electron doped SrTiO₃,” Physical Review B Rapid Communications 81, 241307 (2010).
15. J. W. Reiner, A. M. Kolpak, Y. Segal, K. F. Garrity, S. Ismail-Beigi, C. H. Ahn, and F. J. Walker, “Crystalline oxides on silicon,” Advanced Materials 22, 2919 (2010).
16. Ø. Nordseth, C. C. You, E. Folven, S. Gariglio, A. Sambri, J.-M. Triscone, J. W. Reiner, C. H. Ahn, T. Tybell, J. K. Grepstad, “Growth and characterization of (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O₃ thin film epilayers on SrTiO₃-buffered Si(001),” Thin Solid Films, 518, 5471 (2010).
17. J. Hoffman, X. Pan, J. W. Reiner, F. J. Walker, J. P. Han, C. H. Ahn, and T. P. Ma, “Ferroelectric field effect transistors for memory applications,” Advanced Materials 22, 2919 (2010).
18. J. H. Ngai, T. C. Schwendemann, A. E. Walker, Y. Segal, F. J. Walker, E. I. Altman and C. H. Ahn, “Achieving A-site termination on La_0.18Sr_0.82Al_0.59Ta_0.41O₃ substrates,” Advanced Materials 22, 2945 (2010).
19. K. F. Garrity, M. Padmore, Y. Segal, J. W. Reiner, F. J. Walker, C. H. Ahn, S. Ismail-Beigi, "Phase transition of Sr on Si (001): first-principles prediction and experiment," Surface Science, 604, 857 (2010).
20. C. A. F. Vaz, J. Hoffman, C. H. Ahn, and R. Ramesh, “Magnetoelectric coupling effects in multiferroic complex oxide composite structures,” Advanced Materials, 22, 2900 (2010).
21. Y. Segal, J. W. Reiner, Z. Zhang, C. H. Ahn, F. J. Walker, “The morphology of epitaxial SrTiO₃/Si (001) determined using 3D diffraction profile analysis,” Journal of Vacuum Science and Technology B 28, C5B1 (2010).
22. D. Su, B. Yang, N. Jiang, M. Sawicki, C. Broadbridge, M. Couillard, J. W. Reiner, F. J. Walker, C. H. Ahn, Y. Zhu, "Valence electron energy-loss spectroscopy of ultrathin SrTiO₃ films grown on silicon (001) single crystal," App. Phys. Lett. 96, 121914 (2010).
23. D. Isarakorn, A. Sabri, P. Janphuang, D. Briand, S. Gariglio, J.-M. Triscone, F. Guy, J. W. Reiner, C. H. Ahn, N. F. de Rooij, "Epitaxial piezoelectric MEMS on silicon," Journal of Micromechanics and Microengineering, 20, 055008 (2010).
24. C. A. F. Vaz, J. Hoffman, Y. Segal, J. W. Reiner, R. D. Grober, Z. Zhang, C. H. Ahn, F. J. Walker, "Origin of the magnetoelectric effect in Pb(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃/La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃ multiferroic heterostructures", Phys. Rev. Lett., 104, 127202 (2010).
25. J.W. Reiner, F.J. Walker, C.H. Ahn, "Atomically Engineered Oxide Interfaces", Science 323, 1018 (2009).
26. Y. Segal, J.W. Reiner, A.M. Kolpak, Z. Zhang, S. Ismail-Biegi, C.H. Ahn, and F.J. Walker, "Atomic structure of the epitaxial BaO/Si(001) interface", Phys. Rev. Lett. 102, 116101 (2009).
27. H. J. A. Molegraaf, J. Hoffman,  C. A. F. Vaz, S. Gariglio, D. van der Marel, C. H. Ahn, and J.-M. Triscone, "Magnetoelectric effects in complex oxides with competing ground states", Adv. Mat. 21, 3470 (2009).
28. C. A. F. Vaz, V. E. Henrich, C. H. Ahn, and E. I. Altman, "Growth and characterization of thin epitaxial Co₃O₄(111) films", J. Crystal Growth, 311, 2648 (2009).
29. C. A. F. Vaz, C. H. Ahn, and V. E. Henrich. Spin-polarisation effects in oxide materials. In A. Hirohata and Y. Otani, editors, Epitaxial ferromagnetic films and spintronic applications, p.145-185. Research Signpost, (2009).
30. C. A. F. Vaz, H. Wang, C. H. Ahn, V. E. Henrich, M. Z. Baykara, T. Schwendemann, N. Pilet, B. J. Albers, U. D. Schwarz, L. H. Zhang, and Y. Zhu, J. Wang, E. I. Altman, "Interface and electronic characterization of thin epitaxial Co3O4 films", Surface Science 603, 291 (2009).
31. E. Iyyamperumal, F. Fang, A.-B. Posadas, C. Ahn, R. F. Klie, Y. Zhao, G. L. Haller and L. D. Pfefferle, "Synthesis of Uniform Diameter Boron-Based Nanostructures Using a Mesoporous Mg−Al2O3 Template and Tests for Superconductivity", J. Phys. Chem. C. 41, 17661 (2009).
32. C. A. F. Vaz, J. Hoffman, A.-B. Posadas, C. H. Ahn, "Modulation of magnetic anisotropy of magnetite in Fe₃O₄/BaTiO₃(100) epitaxial structures", Appl. Phys. Lett., 94, 022504 (2009).
33. Y. Bason, J. Hoffman, C.H. Ahn, L. Klein, "Magnetoresistance tensor of La_0.8Sr_0.2MnO₃",  Phys. Rev. B 79, 092406 (2009).
34. J. W. Reiner, Y. Segal, K. F. Garrity, H. Hong, S. Ismail-Beigi, C. H. Ahn, and F. J. Walker, "Diffraction studies of submonolayer Sr structures on the Si (001) surface", J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B. 27, 2015 (2009).
35. J. W. Reiner, A. Posadas, M. Wang, M. Sidorov, Z. Krivokapic, F. J. Walker, T. P. Ma, and C. H. Ahn, "Electrical properties and interfacial structure of epitaxial LaAlO₃ on Si (001)", J. Appl. Phys. 105, 124501 (2009).
36. N. Naftalis, Y. Bason, J. Hoffman, X. Hong, C. H. Ahn, and L. Klein, "Anisotropic magnetoresistance and planar Hall effect in epitaxial films of La_0.7Ca_0.3MnO₃", J. Appl. Phys. 106, 023916 (2009).
37. Y. Segal, J.H. Ngai, J.W. Reiner, F.J. Walker, C.H. Ahn, "X-ray photoemission studies of the metal-insulator transition in LaAlO₃/SrTiO₃ structures grown by molecular beam epitaxy", Phys. Rev. B 80, 241107(R) (2009).  (Editor’s highlight).
38. J.W. Reiner, A. Posadas, M. Wang, T.P. Ma, and C.H. Ahn, "Growth and structural properties of crystalline LaAlO₃ on Si (001)", Microelectronic Engineering 85, 36 (2008).
39. A. Posadas, F.J. Walker, C.H. Ahn, T.L. Goodrich, Z. Cai, and K.S. Ziemer, "Epitaxial MgO as an alternative gate dielectric for SiC transistor applications", Appl. Phys. Lett. 92, 233511 (2008).
40. J.W. Reiner, K.F. Garrity, F.J. Walker, S. Ismail-Beigi, and C.H. Ahn, "The role of strontium in oxide epitaxy on silicon (001)", Phys. Rev. Lett. 101, 105503 (2008).
41. P. Paruch, A.-B. Posadas, M. Dawber, C.H. Ahn, and P.L. McEuen, "Polarization switching using single-walled carbon nanotubes grown on epitaxial ferroelectric thin films", Appl. Phys. Lett. 93, 132901 (2008).
42. D.G. Schlom and C.H. Ahn, "Clear leap for superconductors", Nature 456, 582 (2008).
43. D. Isarakorn, D. Briand, S. Gariglio, A. Sambri, N. Stucki, J.-M. Triscone, F. Guy, S.-H. Baek, C.-B. Eom, J. W. Reiner, C. H. Ahn, and N. F. de Rooij,
    "Establishement of a technology platform for epitaxial piezoelectric MEMS."
    Eurosensors XXII, Dresden, Germany, pp. 819-822 (2008).
44. D. Isarakorn, D. Briand, S. Gariglio, A. Sambri, N. Stucki, J.-M. Triscone, F. Guy, J.W. Reiner, C.H. Ahn, N.F. de Rooij, "A study on epitaxial piezoelectric thin films grown on silicon for energy scavenging applications", Proceedings of PowerMEMS 2008+ microEMS2008, Sendai, Japan, November 9-12, 1, 269 (2008).
45. J.-B. Yau, X. Hong, A. Posadas, C.H. Ahn, W. Gao, E. Altman, Y. Bason, L. Klein, M. Sidorov, and Z. Krivokapic, "Anisotropic magnetoresistance in colossal magnetoresistive La_1-xSr_xMnO₃ thin films", J. Appl. Phys. 102, 103901 (2007).
46. Physics of Ferroelectrics: A Modern Perspective, K.M. Rabe, C.H. Ahn, and J.-M. Triscone, eds. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2007).
47. Y. Bason, L. Klein, H. Wang, J.D. Hoffman, X. Hong, V. Henrich, C.H. Ahn, "Planar Hall effect in epitaxial thin films of magnetite," J. Appl. Phys. 101, 09J507 (2007).
48. C. Lichtensteiger, M. Dawber, N. Stucki, J.-M. Triscone, J. Hoffman, J.-B. Yau, C.H. Ahn, L. Despont, P. Aebi, "Monodomain to polydomain transition in ferroelectric PbTiO₃ thin films with La_0.67Sr_0.33MnO₃ electrodes", Appl. Phys. Lett. 90, 052907 (2007).
49. K.M. Rabe, M. Dawber, C. Lichtensteiger, C.H. Ahn, and J.-M. Triscone, "Modern Physics of Ferroelectrics: Essential Background", in Physics of Ferroelectrics: A Modern Perspective, K.M. Rabe, C.H. Ahn, and J.-M. Triscone, eds. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2007), pp. 1-30.
50. A. Posadas, M. Lippmaa, F.J. Walker, M. Dawber, C.H. Ahn, and J.-M. Triscone, "Growth and Novel Applications of Epitaxial Oxide Thin Films", in Physics of Ferroelectrics: A Modern Perspective, K.M. Rabe, C.H. Ahn, and J.-M. Triscone, eds. (Springer-Verlag, Heidelberg, 2007), pp. 219-304.
51. T.C. Kaspar, T. Droubay, V. Shutthanandan, S.M. Heald, C.M. Wang, D.E. McCready, S. Thevuthasan, J.D. Bryan, D.R. Gamelin, A.J. Kellock, M.F. Toney, X. Hong, C.H. Ahn, and S.A. Chambers, "Ferromagnetism and structure of epitaxial Cr-doped anatase TiO2 thin films", Phys. Rev. B 73, 155327 (2006).
52. Y. Bason, L. Klein, J.-B. Yau, X. Hong, J. Hoffman, C.H. Ahn, "Planar Hall Effect magnetic random access memory", J. Appl. Phys. 99, 08R701 (2006).
53. A. Posadas, J.-B. Yau, C.H. Ahn, "Epitaxial multiferroic hexagonal manganite thin films grown on ZnO", Physica Status Solidi B 243, 9, 2085 (2006).
54. X. Hong, J.-B. Yau, J.D. Hoffman, C.H. Ahn, Y. Bason, L. Klein, "The effect of electric field effect doping on the anisotropic magnetoresistance in doped manganites," Phys. Rev. B 74, 174406 (2006).
55. C.H. Ahn, A. Bhattacharya, M. Di Ventra, J.N. Eckstein, C. Daniel Frisbie, M.E. Gershenson, A.M. Goldman, I.H. Inoue, J. Mannhart, Andrew J. Millis, Alberto F. Morpurgo, Douglas Natelson, Jean-Marc Triscone, "Electrostatic Modification of Novel Materials", Rev. Mod. Phys.78 no. 4, 1185, Oct.-Dec. 2006.
56. X. Hong, A. Posadas, and C. H. Ahn, "Examining the screening limit of field effect devices via the metal-insulator transition", Appl. Phys. Lett. 86, 142501 (2005).
57. A. Posadas, J.-B. Yau, C.H. Ahn, J. Han, S. Gariglio, K. Johnston, K.M. Rabe, and J.B. Neaton, "Epitaxial growth of multiferroic YMnO₃ on GaN", Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 171915 (2005).
58. M. Li, A. Posadas, C.H. Ahn, E.I. Altman, Scanning tunneling microscopy study of terminal oxygen structures on WO₃ (100) thin films, Surf. Sci. 579, 2-3, 175-187 (2005).
59. M. Li, E.I. Altman, A. Posadas, C.H. Ahn, "Surface phase transitions upon reduction of epitaxial WO₃ (100) thin films", Thin Solid Films 446, 238 (2004).
60. M. Li, E.I. Altman, A. Posadas, C.H. Ahn, "Surface phase transitions and related surface defect structures upon reduction of epitaxial WO₃ (100) thin films: a STM study", J. Vac. Sci. Technol. A22, 1682 (2004).
61. M. Li, W. Gao, A. Posadas, C.H. Ahn, E.I. Altman, "Reactivity of 1-propanol on p(nx2) reconstructed WO₃ (100) thin films", J. Phys. Chem. B 108, 15259 (2004).
62. A. Demuer, D. Jaccard, J.W. Reiner, C.H. Ahn, J.-M. Triscone, "Magnetism of SrRuO3 thin films under hydrostatic pressure", Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 13, 72 (2004).
63. X. Hong, F. Xiao, A. Posadas, C.H. Ahn, "Growth and characterization of La_1-xSr_xMnO₃/ Pb(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃ / La_1-xSr_xMnO₃ heterostructures for 3-dimensional field effect studies", Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 13, 15 (2004).
64. C.H. Ahn, K.M. Rabe, J.-M. Triscone, "Ferroelectricity at the Nanoscale:  Local Polarization in Oxide Thin Films and Heterostructures", Science 303, 488 (2004).
65. Y. Bason, L. Klein, J.-B. Yau, X. Hong, C.H. Ahn, "Giant planar Hall effect in colossal magnetoresistive La0.84Sr0.16MnO3 thin films", Appl. Phys. Lett. 84, 2593 (2004).
66. Y. Bason, L. Klein, J.-B. Yau, X. Hong, and C. H. Ahn, "Characterization of the magnetic anisotropy in thin films of La_1-xSr_xMnO₃ using the planar Hall effect", Phys. Stat. Sol. C 1, No. 12, 3336-3338 (2004).
67. J. W. Reiner, F. J. Walker, R. A. McKee, C. A. Billman, J. Junquera, K. M. Rabe, C. H. Ahn, “Ferroelectric stability of BaTiO₃ in a crystalline oxide on silicon structure,” Physica Status Solidi B 241, 2287-90 (2004).
68. M. Li, E.I. Altman, A. Posadas, C.H. Ahn, "The p(4x2) surface reconstruction on epitaxial WO₃ thin films", Surf. Sci.  542, 22 (2003).
69. X. Hong, A. Posadas, A. Lin, C.H. Ahn, "Ferroelectric field induced tuning of magnetism in the colossal magnetoresistive oxide La_1-xSr_xMnO₃", Phys. Rev. B. 68, 134415 (2003).
70. C.H. Ahn, J.-M. Triscone, J. Mannhart, "Electric field effect in correlated oxide systems", Nature 424, 1015 (2003).
71. S. Gariglio, D. Matthey, C.H. Ahn, J.-M. Triscone, "Electrostatic Tuning of NdBa2Cu3O7-δ Films and its Effect on the Hall Response", Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 067002 (2002). 
72. D. Matthey, S. Gariglio, C.H. Ahn, J.M. Triscone, "Electrostatic Modulation of the Superconducting Transition in Thin NdBa2Cu3O7-δ Films:  the Role of Classical Fluctuations", Physica C 372-376, 583 (2002).
73. T. Tybell, P. Paruch, C.H. Ahn, J.-M. Triscone, "Nanoscale Study of Polarization Phenomena in Pb(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃ Thin Films", SPIE Proc. 4811, 256 (2002).
74. D. Matthey, S. Gariglio, C.H. Ahn, J.-M. Triscone, "Field Effect and Ferroelectric Field Effect in Correlated Oxide Films", SPIE Proc. 4811, 236 (2002).
75. S. Gariglio, C.H. Ahn, J.-M. Triscone, "Ferroelectric Field Effect in Epitaxial Pb(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃/Nd_1.13Ba_1.87Cu₃O₇ Heterostuctures", Superconducting and Related Oxides:  Physics and Nanoengineering IV, SPIE Proc., 314 (2000).
76. A. Lin, X. Hong, V. Wood, A. Verevkin, C.H. Ahn, R.A. McKee, F.J. Walker, E.D. Specht, "Epitaxial Growth of Pb(Zr_0.2Ti_0.8)O₃ on Si and Its Nanoscale Piezoelectric Properties", App. Phys. Lett. 78, 2034 (2001).
77. Patents
78. C.H. Ahn, M.R. Beasley, S.J Benerofe, M.M. Fejer, R.H. Hammond, M.D. Levenson, W. Wang, "Atomic absorption apparatus using a phase-modulated light beam", U.S. patent 5,530,541.
79. C.H. Ahn, M.R. Beasley, Ø. Fischer, C. Renner, J.-M. Triscone, T. Tybell, "Electric or electronic component and application as nonvolatile memory and device with surface acoustic waves ", European patent EP 0972284B1.
80. O. Fischer, J.-M. Triscone, C. H. Ahn, M. R. Beasley, C. Renner, T. Tybell, "Electric or electronic component and application as nonvolatile memory and device with surface acoustic waves ", U.S. patent 6,677629.
81. C.H. Ahn, Y. Bason, X. Hong, L. Klein, J.-B. Yau, "Magnetoelectronic devices based on colossal magnetoresistive thin films", United States patent application 10/582,813.